COMPUTER NETWORK AND SECURITY

TCP/IP MODEL 

TCP/IP Model was developed in the 1970s by the U.S. Department of Defense and is widely adopted and forms the basis of the modern Internet. The TCP/IP model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is a set of communication protocols used for the Internet and similar networks. It consists of four layers, each responsible for different aspects of the communication process.

  1. Link Layer (Network Access Layer)

    • Function: This layer handles the physical and logical connection between devices on a local network. It deals with the hardware addressing and the media used for communication.
    • Protocols/Technologies: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol).
  2. Internet Layer

    • Function: The Internet layer is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and packet forwarding. It ensures that data can travel across multiple interconnected networks.
    • Protocols: IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).
  3. Transport Layer

    • Function: The Transport layer provides end-to-end communication services for applications. It ensures data integrity and proper sequencing and offers error checking and flow control.
    • Protocols: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
  4. Application Layer

    • Function: The Application layer provides protocols and services for application-level functions, such as email, file transfer, and web browsing. It interfaces directly with end-user applications.
    • Protocols: HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System), Telnet, SSH (Secure Shell).

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