TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP Model was developed in the 1970s by the U.S. Department of Defense and is widely adopted and forms the basis of the modern Internet. The TCP/IP model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is a set of communication protocols used for the Internet and similar networks. It consists of four layers, each responsible for different aspects of the communication process.
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Link Layer (Network Access Layer)
- Function: This layer handles the physical and logical connection between devices on a local network. It deals with the hardware addressing and the media used for communication.
- Protocols/Technologies: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol).
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Internet Layer
- Function: The Internet layer is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and packet forwarding. It ensures that data can travel across multiple interconnected networks.
- Protocols: IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).
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Transport Layer
- Function: The Transport layer provides end-to-end communication services for applications. It ensures data integrity and proper sequencing and offers error checking and flow control.
- Protocols: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
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Application Layer
- Function: The Application layer provides protocols and services for application-level functions, such as email, file transfer, and web browsing. It interfaces directly with end-user applications.
- Protocols: HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System), Telnet, SSH (Secure Shell).
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