COMPUTER NETWORK NOTES, IOE, BSCCSIT,BCA 

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Network topology refers to the arrangement of nodes (computers, servers, routers, etc.) and the connections between them in a computer network. Different network topologies have distinct advantages and disadvantages, influencing factors such as performance, scalability, and fault tolerance. Here's an overview of some common network topologies:

• 1. Bus Topology

  Description:

• In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single central cable, known as the bus or backbone.
• Data sent from a device is broadcast to all devices on the network.

• Advantages:

• Easy to set up and extend.
• Requires less cable length than a star topology.

• Disadvantages:

• Difficult to troubleshoot.
• A failure in the main cable (bus) can bring down the entire network.
• Limited cable length and number of nodes.

• 2. Star Topology

  Description:

• All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
• The hub acts as a repeater for data flow.

• Advantages:

• Easy to install and manage.
• Failure of one cable does not affect other devices.
• Easy to detect faults and remove parts.

• Disadvantages:

• Requires more cable than bus topology.
• If the central hub fails, the whole network is inoperable.
• Higher cost due to the need for a hub.

• 3. Ring Topology

  Description:

• Each device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a circular data path.
• Data travels in one direction (or two, in a dual ring topology).

• Advantages:

• Data packets travel at great speed.
• No need for a central hub.
• Reduced chances of data collisions.

• Disadvantages:

• Failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the network.
• Difficult to troubleshoot.
• Adding or removing devices disrupts the network.

• 4. Mesh Topology

  Description:

• Every device is connected to every other device on the network.
• Can be a full mesh (every device connected to every other) or partial mesh (some devices connected to multiple others).

• Advantages:

• High redundancy and reliability.
• Data can be transmitted simultaneously from different devices.
• Easy to isolate faults.

• Disadvantages:

• High cost due to the large number of cables and ports required.
• Complex to install and manage.
• Maintenance is difficult.

• 5. Tree Topology

  Description:

• A hybrid topology that combines characteristics of star and bus topologies.
• Hierarchical structure with a root node and all other nodes connected to it in a parent-child hierarchy.

• Advantages:

• Scalable and easy to manage.
• Fault isolation is simple.
• Expansion is easy by adding more nodes to the parent nodes.

• Disadvantages:

• If the root node fails, the entire network can become inoperative.
• Requires more cable than a bus topology.

• 6. Hybrid Topology

  Description:

• Combination of two or more different types of topologies.
• Example: Star-Ring, Star-Bus, etc.

• Advantages:

• Flexible and scalable.
• Can be designed to meet specific network requirements.

• Disadvantages:

• Complex design and installation.
• Expensive due to the combination of multiple topologies.
• Troubleshooting can be difficult.

• Comparison of Topologies

  Topology	Cable Required	Scalability	Redundancy	Cost	Installation	Troubleshooting
  Bus	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Easy	Difficult
  Star	Moderate	High	Low	Moderate	Easy	Easy
  Ring	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Difficult
  Mesh	High	High	High	High	Difficult	Easy
  Tree	Moderate	High	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Easy
  Hybrid	Varies	High	High	High	Difficult	Difficult

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